Exercise Physiology Institute

Blood Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar and a type of carbohydrate molecule that is fundamental to many biological processes in living organisms. Its chemical formula is C6H12O6, which means that it consists of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms.

Glucose molecules are highly soluble in water and are transported throughout the body via the bloodstream. In humans, insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood by promoting its uptake and utilization by cells. Glucose can be metabolized through a series of biochemical reactions in a process known as cellular respiration, which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. Glucose plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system. The brain requires a continuous supply of glucose to function properly.

Hypoglycaemia

Hypoglycaemia is a condition characterized by low blood glucose levels in the body. It occurs when the amount of glucose in the bloodstream drops below normal levels, which can cause a variety of symptoms and health problems.

Hypoglycaemia is commonly associated with diabetes, but it can also occur in people without diabetes, usually as a result of prolonged fasting, overexertion, or alcohol consumption.

Symptoms of hypoglycaemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the low blood sugar levels, but they may include shakiness, sweating, palpitations, confusion, irritability, headache, and dizziness. In severe cases, hypoglycaemia can cause seizures, loss of consciousness, and even death.

Treatment for hypoglycaemia typically involves consuming a source of fast-acting carbohydrates, such as fruit juice or glucose tablets, to raise blood sugar levels quickly. In people with diabetes, it is important to monitor blood sugar levels regularly and adjust insulin or other diabetes medications as needed to prevent episodes of hypoglycaemia.

Prevention of hypoglycaemia involves maintaining a healthy diet and engaging in regular physical activity, as well as taking medications as prescribed and monitoring blood sugar levels regularly to ensure they remain within a safe range.

Hyperglycaemia

Hyperglycaemia is a condition in which the blood glucose levels in the body are higher than normal. It is commonly associated with diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to properly regulate blood glucose levels.

In people with diabetes, hyperglycaemia occurs when there is a deficiency or resistance to the hormone insulin, which normally helps to regulate blood sugar levels. This can result in glucose accumulating in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Hyperglycaemia can also occur in people without diabetes due to other factors, such as stress, infection, certain medications, or an unhealthy diet.

Symptoms of hyperglycaemia may include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and headaches. Over time, if left untreated, hyperglycaemia can cause damage to various organs and systems in the body, including the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and cardiovascular system.

Treatment for hyperglycaemia typically involves lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and engaging in regular physical activity, and may also include medications such as insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Exercise and Hyperglycaemia

Exercise can be an effective way to help manage hyperglycemia in people with diabetes. Here are some ways that exercise can help:

  • Increased insulin sensitivity: Exercise helps the body to use insulin more effectively, which can help to lower blood sugar levels. This is because exercise increases the uptake of glucose by the muscles, which helps to clear glucose from the bloodstream.
  • Improved glucose regulation: Regular exercise can help to improve the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels over time. This is because exercise can increase the production of insulin and reduce the release of glucose from the liver.
  • Increased muscle mass: Exercise can help to increase muscle mass, which can improve the body’s ability to use glucose for energy. This can help to reduce insulin resistance and improve blood sugar control.
  • Weight management: Exercise can help to promote weight loss and maintain a healthy weight, which is important for managing blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.
  • Improved cardiovascular health: Exercise can help to improve cardiovascular health, which is important for people with diabetes, as they are at an increased risk of heart disease.

It is important to note that people with diabetes should consult with their healthcare provider before starting an exercise program, as certain types of exercise may not be appropriate for everyone. Additionally, blood sugar levels should be monitored closely during and after exercise to ensure that they remain within a safe range.

Monitoring blood glucose

Monitoring blood glucose levels is an important part of managing diabetes, and it can help to prevent hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. Here are some common methods for monitoring blood glucose levels:

  1. Self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG): This involves using a glucose meter to measure blood glucose levels at home. A small drop of blood is obtained by pricking the finger with a lancet, and the blood is then placed on a test strip, which is inserted into the meter. The meter then displays the blood glucose level.
  2. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM): CGM involves using a small sensor that is placed under the skin to measure blood glucose levels continuously. The sensor sends readings to a monitor or smartphone app, which can help to track blood glucose levels over time and identify patterns.
  3. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test: This is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months. The test measures the amount of glucose that has attached to haemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

It is important to follow the recommended monitoring schedule prescribed by a healthcare provider, as blood glucose levels can vary throughout the day and may require different monitoring frequencies depending on the individual’s needs. Additionally, it is important to record blood glucose readings and share them with a healthcare provider to help guide treatment decisions.

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